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أعلاه:
Names for God
In the Old Testament various names
for God are used. YHWH is the most celebrated of these; the
Hebrews considered the name ineffable and, in reading,
substituted the name Adonai [my Lord]. The ineffable name, or
tetragrammaton [Gr.,=four-letter form], is of unknown origin;
the reconstruction Jehovah was based on a mistake, and the
form Yahweh is not now regarded as reliable. The name Jah
occurring in names such as Elijah is a form of YHWH. The most
common name for God in the Old Testament is Elohim, a plural
form, but used as a singular when speaking of God. The name
El, not connected with Elohim, is also used, especially in
proper names, e.g., Elijah. The name Shaddai, used with other
words and in names (e.g., Zurishaddai), appears rarely. Of
these names only Adonai has a satisfactory etymology. It is
generally not possible to tell from English translations of
the Bible what was the exact form of the name of God in the
original. In Islam, the name of God is Allah.
Conceptions
of God
The general conception of God may be said to be that
of an infinite being (often a personality but not necessarily
anthropomorphic) who is supremely good, who created the world,
who knows all and can do all, who is transcendent over and
immanent in the world, and who loves humanity. By the majority
of Christians God is believed to have lived on earth in the
flesh as Jesus (see Trinity). In the Hebrew Bible the concept
of God is not a unified one. The attitude of believers to this
apparent inconsistency has generally been that God,
unchanging, revealed Himself more and more to Israel.
Scholars belonging to the rational schools of the 19th
cent. developed a view of the Bible as primarily a history of
Judaism that evolved naturally without the benefit of divine
intervention in the world. They see a series of stages in
which God was first held by the Jews as simply the head of a
tribal pantheon, then gradually assumed all the attributes of
God’s fellow divinities, but was still worshiped more or less
idolatrously. Gradually, according to these scholars, the Jews
considered their God as more and more powerful until they
believed God creator and ruler of all humans though preferring
Israel as God’s chosen people.
God’s attributes of
goodness, love, and mercy these critics consider as very late
in this development. More recent scholars have refuted this
latter position, seeing these very qualities in the God of the
Exodus. Although the idea of God, through its long acceptance
by Jews, Christians, and Muslims, has come to be associated
with the concept of a good, infinite personality, in recent
times the name has been extended to many principles of an
utterly different sort; thus, a philosopher may consider the
unifying concept in his philosophy (e.g., cosmic energy, mind,
world soul, number) as God.
Arguments for God’s
Existence
There are several famous arguments for the
existence of God. The argument from the First Cause maintains
that since in the world every effect has its cause behind it
(and every actuality its potentiality), the first effect (and
first actuality) in the world must have had its cause (and
potentiality), which was in itself both cause and effect (and
potentiality and actuality), i.e., God. The cosmological
argument maintains that since the world, and all that is in
it, seems to have no necessary or absolute (nonrelative)
existence, an independent existence (God) must be implied for
the world as the explanation of its relations
The
teleological argument maintains that, since from a
comprehensive view of nature and the world everything seems to
exist according to a certain great plan, a planner (God) must
be postulated. The ontological argument maintains that since
the human conception of God is the highest conception humanly
possible and since the highest conception humanly possible
must have existence as one attribute, God must exist. Immanuel
Kant believed that he refuted these arguments by showing that
existence is no part of the content of an idea. This principle
has become very important in contemporary philosophy,
particularly in existentialism. The consensus among
theologians is that the existence of God must in some way be
accepted on faith.
Yahweh
modern reconstruction of YHWH,
the ancient Hebrew ineffable name for God. Other forms are
Jah, Jahve, Jahveh, Jahweh, Jehovah, Yahve, Yahveh, and
Yahwe.
Allah
[Arab.,=the God]. Derived from an old
Semitic root refering to the Divine and used in the Canaanite
El, the Mesopotamian ilu, and the biblical Elohim, the word
Allah is used by all Arabic-speaking Muslims, Christians,
Jews, and others. Allah, as a deity, was probably known in
pre-Islamic Arabia. Arabic chronicles suggest a pre-Islamic
recognition of Allah as a supreme God, with the three
goddesses al-Lat, al-Uzza, and Manat as his “daughters.” The
Prophet Muhammad, declaring Allah the God of Abraham, demanded
a return to a strict monotheism. Islam supplements Allah as
the name of God with the 99 most beautiful names (asma Allah
al-husna), understood as nondescriptive mnemonic guides to the
Divine attributes.
Yahweh
the God of the Israelites, his
name being revealed to Moses as four Hebrew consonants (YHWH)
called the tetragrammaton. After the Exile (6th century BC),
and especially from the 3rd century BC on, Jews ceased to use
the name Yahweh for two reasons. As Judaism became a universal
religion through its proselytizing in the Greco-Roman world,
the more common noun Elohim, meaning “god, …
Yahweh... (75
of 380 words)
http://www.britannica.com/Tetragrammaton
Four Hebrew consonants yod, he, vav, and he—variously
transliterated as JHVH, JHWH, YHWH, or YHVH—that together
represent the name of God.
Traditionally the tetragrammaton
is not pronounced; Jehovah and Yahweh are two vocalizations of
it.
singular Eloah (Hebrew: God), the God of Israel in the
Old Testament. A plural of majesty, the term Elohim—though
sometimes used for other deities, such as the Moabite god
Chemosh, the Sidonian goddess Astarte, and also for other
majestic beings such as angels, kings, judges (the Old
Testament shofetim), and the Messiah—is usually employed in
the Old Testament for the one and only God of Israel,
…
also called E Source, biblical source and one of four
that, according to the documentary hypothesis, comprise the
original literary constituents of the Pentateuch, the first
five books of the Bible. It is so called because of its use of
the Hebrew term Elohim for God, and hence labelled E, in
contrast with another discerned source that uses the term YHWH
and is labelled J (after the German…
The Judaic tradition
> Basic beliefs and doctrines > Man > The image of
God
In Gen. 1:26, 27; 5:1; and 9:6 two terms occur, “image”
and “likeness,” that seem to indicate clearly the biblical
understanding of man's essential nature: he is created in the
image and likeness of God. Yet the texts in which they are
used are not entirely unambiguous; the idea they point to does
not appear elsewhere in Scriptures; and the concept is skirted
cautiously in the rabbinic interpretations. …
God
The
rabbinic God was primarily the biblical God who acted in
history, the creator and source of life who was experienced
through the senses rather than intellect. In reaction to
sectarian teachings (i.e., Gnosticism and early Christianity),
however, the rabbis stressed God's universality, absolute
unity, and direct involvement with the world. His immanence
and transcendence…
Yahweh
the God of the Israelites, his
name being revealed to Moses as four Hebrew consonants (YHWH)
called the tetragrammaton. After the Exile (6th century BC),
and especially from the 3rd century BC on, ...
Columbia
Encyclopedia Sixth Edition 2001: www.bartleby.com