SUMMARY
 
        It is not necessary to point out that the Eastern countries have learnt much in matters of sciences and industries, which are occasionally referred to as European, either in the schools of Europe itself or in the oriental institution which were established on the European pattern.
 
        This is an accomplished fact and needs no further explanation. Further it is understood quite naturally. The important point which matters while speaking about the impact of European civilsation on the East is the psychological impression it left on the spirit of the East and the conscience of its sons. We are not among those who believe that this impression was inherent in the sciences and industries themselves. There have been misunderstandings about the aims of these sciences and industries which do not necessarily entail a serious change either in the spiritual field or in the world of intuitive perception.
 
        To explain further, we go back to what was said about the spherical shape of the earth and its rotation. This theory was not new to Eastern culture, but not to the ordinary people and people with limited thinking capacity and no material proofs to support the view. The result was that the ignorant denied the concept altogether utilising what appeared to them to be the meaning of religious texts. But when the theory of the globular shape of the earth and its rotation came from the West, proved by geographical discoveries, the mistake of the ignorant was exposed and religion was scientifically understood. This continued for a period during which doubt crept into the minds of the educated class which could not deny the theory of the earth's globular shape nor the view about its rotation. This doubt continued in the minds until the scientific facts were acknowledged. The ignorant were then unable to contradict these views by the religious texts and with this the misunderstanding and misinterpretation was removed from their minds.

        This exactly what we intended when we stated that the sciences and industries had no worthwhile impact on the spiritual life of the Eastern countries, these sciences and industries remained in the intellectual and mechanical fields without touching the inner soul of the Easterners. We prefer the statement that the spiritual life in the East was influenced by the outward expressions of European life and its intellectual theories and not by science or industry.

        The ways of life which the Europeans conveyed to the Arab East were accompanied, in practice, by immorality and loosening of hereditary moral restrictions. People found no difficulty in welcoming the newly-arrived ideas and in criticising the traditions which were previously held in great respect. This aspect of European influence was much deeper and more effective than that of the sciences and industries on the conscience and mind of the East.

        The intellectual theories which affected the spiritual life of the East are the theory of evolution, Niezsche's philosophy, the theory of the material interpretation of  history and the philosophy of comparative study of religions. This influence, as is clearly discernible through its results, did not go beyond the old philosophy or the Mutazilites' theories which occupied the minds of the Easterners in the middle of the Abbasid period and after. These theories found fertile ground only in the minds of some individuals whose number did not exceed a few hundreds. The people who were influenced by these theories took them for granted and attached importance to their titles rather than to their secrets and contents. Such People of the past like those of the present were like those who believed in the theory of evolution with the assumption that it had solved the problem of existence. In fact, the essence of that theory gave no new idea except that the creation of man and animal was the question of millions of years instead of thousands and hundreds. It never discussed the secret of eternal creation which is still open for discussion and thought when everything has been said about evolution.

        The intellectual theories mentioned above did not influence more than a few people. Even in this respect, the influence was superfluous, for it did not touch the roots of belief. It only affected those roots which were bound to disappear.

        The important impact of the European civilisation on our countries and peoples can be summarised by drawing the attention of the Easterners to the understanding of religion, nationalism the relation between man and Allah and between man and the state which could counter the reactionary legends and the residue of ignorance which were left behind by the periods of weakness and decay.

        Summing up our study, we have to point out two permanent lessons :- the first is that all the Eastern and the Western nations are either creditors or debtors to the legacy of human civilisation. There is no nation with a glorious history which has not given or taken from that legacy. The second lesson is that nations can benefit from different civilisations unconsciously. This happens even against the will of the side giving the benefits. It is a fact that the Western colonialist did not desire to teach the Easterners the love of their countries, they learnt it despite the Westerners disapproval. The Easterners used the same weapon which the colonialists used in fighting them previously and these weapons worked in the hands of the Easterners ever before they were sure of their effectiveness.

        The Holy Quran says what means :" And it may be that you dislike a thing while it is good for you, and, And were it for Allah's repelling some men by others, the earth would certainly be in a state of disorder and, And We bring these days to men by turns".